Truelayer competitors. Success rates are over 20% higher than credit bureaus, and results are. Truelayer competitors

 
 Success rates are over 20% higher than credit bureaus, and results areTruelayer competitors  We power smarter, safer and faster online payments by combining real-time bank payments with financial and identity data

Check out his advice to students on: -Digital market trends in Italy -Data shows that the main digital enablers in which the companies will invest in the next couple of years will be Cloud, IoT and Mobile Business technologies -The sectors that will grow more from now to 2025 will be. True layer is building financial apps that connect to bank data verify accounts and access transactions in real time read moreTrueLayer is a London-based start-up that helps fintech companies verify accounts and connect their apps to bank data. The purpose of this document is to highlight our values, what we do and don’t. It gives customers the right to access their payment accounts and initiate payments via third parties. With access to our full suite of APIs and specialist support. 5 M: Gocardless . Of late, the fintech has been largely focussed on integrating with fintechs having joined forces with alternative lender Capital on Tap and SME banking service ANNA Money and has also recently launched an open banking tool for charities . Because of this, several standards bodies were established, including the Berlin Group, STET and PolishAPI. Curve customers will now be able to make purchases via instant bank transfer, powered by TrueLayer’s payments system. We believe that, in the future, bank-to-bank transactions could even surpass. 4/5 stars with 15 reviews. Cancel. There is 1 private Unicorn in the entire competition set. Open banking platform TrueLayer has announced the release of its proprietary Variable Recurring Payments (VRP) API. With this, the company has earned the status of a unicorn with a post-money valuation of more than $1B (approx €852. VRPs are an additional Open Banking API that the nine largest UK banks have been instructed to build by the Competition and Markets. Lean is a fintech platform providing a universal API that unlocks critical infrastructure across the MENA region. Based on reviewer data you can see how Array stacks up to the competition, check reviews from current & previous users in industries like Banking, Financial Services, and Health, Wellness and Fitness, and find the best product for your business. TRUELAYER LIMITED is a Private limited company (Ltd. amount_in_minor. Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Fabrick is a open finance platform. Funding, Valuation & Revenue. By using TrueLayer’s open banking API we get the best of both worlds – there’s a simplified in-app deposit flow, but with cost-effective processing. Stripe Connect. TrueLayer is growing – revenues were up 56% in 2022 and payment volume was [email protected]. I was talking about region of consumer, if bank is supported via open banking api and consumer has account at supported bank, doesn’t matter if he is in Germany and bank is in UK, but T212 doesn’t unlock Open banking on EUR account. TrueLayer’s Engineering organization has gone through an amazing period of hypergrowth - from 10 to 100+ in 36 months. Morton, who is joining TrueLayer from home improvement financing platform Vendigo, will work alongside the fintech’s chief revenue officer Max Emilson to. Get real-time access to account, balance, transaction, and identity data using open banking AIS. GoFundMe is a provider of a social fundraising platform. For Variable recurring payments. Contact Email info@trustlayer. TrueLayer has also recently stated that their Payouts product has reached a 99. Its headquarters is located at London, England, GB. Founded in 2016, TrueLayer is connected to major banks across the world, backed by leading venture capital, and trusted by. Build financial apps that connect to bank data, verify accounts, and access transactions in real-time. TrueLayer 's top competitors include Cobase, Finqware, and Volt. The technology also pre-populates customer details instantly and has a strong customer authentication (SCA) built in, thereby reducing friction and fraud risk. Funding, Valuation & Revenue. TrueLayer's valuation in July 2018 was $38. Even though I had no coding experience and. TrueLayer competitors include Computershare. TrueLayer Limited is based in London, England. The move strategically coincides with the UK’s Competition and Market Authority (CMA) mandating the country’s nine largest banks to provide their customers with VRPs, allowing for the automatic transfer of money. Who is TrueLayer? TrueLayer is a global Fintech enabling the future of open banking and financial services through our API platforms (currently Data & Payments). It is creating clear water between itself and competitors with a compelling customer experience using open banking payments with TrueLayer. ⭐ Crowdfund Insider: Global Fintech News, including Crowdfunding, Blockchain and more. 69: $16. ) company based in 3RD FLOOR 1 HARDWICK STREET LONDON, United Kingdom, which employs 125 people. True Layer Office photos. *Please note that the consent you provide in accordance with these Terms is a "single use" consent for the initiation of a single payment transaction. You should now see a TrueLayer PayDirect folder folder with the paydirect endpoints. Use the Golden Query Tool to find similar companies in the same industry, location, or by any other field in the Knowledge Graph. TrueLayer offers an open banking payments network. 3 million funding round led by Connect Ventures. The most used email format in TrueLayer is John. Balances: current, available etc. London, United Kingdom. The user gives consent, sets limits for these payments and authenticates the payment mandate with their bank upfront. If you're completely new to TrueLayer, our quickstart guides will help you start testing in sandbox, no coding knowledge required. TrueLayer has issued an update stating they will be enabling William Hill, a UK gaming operator, to provide instant pay-ins and pay-outs for its customers. 1 out of 10. Coinbase has revealed via a report that it has joined hands with TrueLayer for digital payments in the UK. YouGov Finance Limited is acting as an agent of TrueLayer, who is providing the regulated Account Information Service, and is Authorised and Regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. The Competition and Markets Authority set a 31 July 2022 deadline for the UK’s nine largest banks to support VRP for sweeping, or ‘me-to-me payments’. Reducing the risk of failed payments Founded in 2017 as part of the Moneytech Group, and previously known as Moneytech Payments, Monoova had a mission to automate how. Compare features, ratings, user reviews, pricing, and more from TrueLayer competitors and alternatives in order to make an informed decision for your business. biz alternatives and competitive updates on Owler, the world’s largest community-based business insights platform. 81 m in annual revenue in FY 2022. In the report, the crypto exchange said it would be rolling out Easy bank transfers for UK clients. Damon Roberts, Product Manager. His ability to 'connect the dots' across regions, time zones, topics, and cultures is world class. TrueLayer was founded in 2016 with the vision of revolutionizing the financial industry through open banking, providing secure and seamless access to financial data to drive innovation and improve customer experiences. ) company based in 3RD FLOOR 1 HARDWICK STREET LONDON, United Kingdom, which employs 125 people. Build financial apps that connect to bank data, verify accounts, and. Importing PayDirect API File: Open Insomnia Core and go to the Preferences menu, then open the Data tab. The Payments API v3 is the latest version of the TrueLayer payments API. com Traffic and Visitor Engagement. TrueLayer is the leading technology company providing secure, global access to financial infrastructure. Explore our backend libraries in Java, PHP, C# and Javascript/Node. The company's platform helps companies to securely and efficiently access their customer's bank accounts to share financial data, make payments and validate. I thought it might be a little odd to do a take-home exercise before speaking with the hiring manager, but nonetheless I completed the exercise by. 1M visits, 42 authority score, 78. oauth-starling is no longer accepted. And through a partnership with Singapore-based cross-border payments platform Thunes, TrueLayer is being integrated into its platform as one of the payment methods for Thunes’ 100,000 merchants. TrueLayer competitors include Computershare. Find top-ranking TrueLayer alternatives and competitors. Instant payout providers — including TrueLayer — also make payouts automated, helping cut the manual admin needed to manage payouts, as well as increasing the likelihood. The business landscape is buzzing with companies unveiling their rebrands. Following its reccent integration with Stripe, TrueLayer's new A2A payments app has nowgone live in the Shopify App Store, allowing UK and EU merchants to add open banking payments to their checkout. The technology involves developer-facing application programming interfaces (APIs) that allow companies to connect with banks to offer services, and also bank-facing APIs that allow banks to automate and extend back-end. It is now worth noting that: Caixabank only supports this option for domestic transfers;TrueLayer Software Development London, London 45,460 followers We power smarter, faster and safer payments for industry leading businesses across the UK and Europe. TrueLayer gives developers technology to access a range of open banking services. This is sensitive information and should never be shared. TrueLayer | 44. TrueLayer £4. TrueLayer Alternatives & Competitors for Small Businesses (38) 4. SourceForge ranks the best alternatives to TrueLayer in 2023. In the latest development, Stitch — one of the prominent players building and operating these APIs in Africa — confirmed to. TrueLayer is the leading technology company providing secure, global access to financial infrastructure. Davidson Technology Summit on Thursday,. 9% of the UK population). They also settle in real time and are a cost effective alternative to debit and credit cards. myCOI is a company that specializes in insurance tracking software within the insurance industry. TrueLayer offers an open banking payments network. I wish all payments were this easy! TrueLayer has allowed me to Top up my Revolut & Nutmeg accounts so much faster than before. Binance has partnered with new entities for euro transactions following the cessation of services by its former fiat collaborator, Paysafe. TrueLayer's valuation in July 2018 was $38. nl and TrueLayer for the exceptional collaboration! 🙌 The seamless integration of TrueLayer with Bragg’s iGaming platform in just eight weeks is a testament to our. 5 out of 5. Some of its more formidable competitors include Intuit and Wise, as well as Brite Payments, TrueLayer, Plaid, Melio and Tink. Celebrating women in fintech: past, present and future. Signup+. He points to the UK Competition and Markets Authority’s (CMA) recent decision to force UK banks to implement variable recurring payment (VRP) APIs to enable customers to sweep money between accounts. 7 out of 5. Offer instant payments with round-the-clock support and performance tracking data. #1. Truelayer. TrueLayer is a global open banking platform that makes it easy for anyone to build better financial experiences. TrueLayer's latest post-money valuation is from September 2021. TOTAL RATINGS 57. via EmailTrueLayer was an active participant in the discussions to form these standards, and we have built our EU API connections in accordance with them. Type: Company - Private. Developers use our APIs to build best-in-class products that securely access data and initiate payments in real-time. TrueLayer. The open banking company’s new round was led by new investor Tiger Global Management and gave the startup a post-money valuation of more than $1bn. Easy bank payments are safer and more secure than card payments. The first step is to create a payment in the sandbox environment. This year, the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) and the EU’s Second Payment Services Directive (PSD2) will push the industry to embrace collaboration and establish a new level of security and transparency. Request a live demo presentation. Learn more. Score 9. Cat has deep global process and technology expertise. TrueLayer’s primary competitors include Tink, Yapily, Plaid and 12 more. TrueLayer Software Development London, London 46,164 followers We power smarter, faster and safer payments for industry leading businesses across the UK and Europe. Accept and send instant bank payments in any app or website. Use an external API to find out the bank related to a particular sort code. Fintech developer platform TrueLayer has just been minted the UK’s newest unicorn after closing a $130m round backed by payment giant Stripe. on LinkedIn Share Open banking platform Bud raises $80M. (e. By Business Units. To make sure consumers also adopt open banking payments at checkout, when in competition with cards and other methods, the user experience should be frictionless and inspire trust. . Sweeping is the automatic transfer of money between a customer’s. It helps startups and banks to drive products in financial services and supports account verification, know-your-customer (KYC) processes, and transactional data for account aggregation, credit scoring, and risk assessment. Our coverage is constantly growing across Europe. TrueLayer is a company that provides financial connectivity services through open APIs. Fabrick was founded in 2018 and is based in Biella, Italy. Report incorrect company information. 30 hours (can camp out in the office overnight!). Learn how to integrate the Payments API v3 in our documentation. Start-ups. Founded in 2016. Competitors: Unknown. “. Creating the user authentication flow. The most used email format in TrueLayer is John. TrueLayer is a lean-in to the future, a modern solution. Built and launched a new Android app for customers that now has 100K+ downloads and 4. TrueLayer is an England-based open banking platform that provides services including payment processing and payout management for industries such as E-commerce and crypto. It. TrueLayer is ranked 1st in Open Banking Platforms while Yapily is ranked 2nd in Open Banking Platforms. Proven track-record of building strategic partnerships, new products, and new growth markets in the technology sector. e payments in real-time. - Create customer demos and technical scripts for Haven onDemand. We want to make your experience as smooth as possible. How TrueLayer hit $16. I had the opportunity to be there for the entire journey and witness first-hand how our tools and processes had failed to keep up to the challenge. Top 50%. io. Bank authentication. - Increase coverage for unit testing and integration testing to over 80%. Learn More →. Their role is to develop specifications for APIs –. [Optional] Your customer navigates to the TrueLayer UI to select their bank —. 2 employees at TrueLayer have rated the professional development a 90/100, placing it 2nd among its competitors. Verification. 1M visits, 42 authority score, 78. TrueLayer uses Content-Security-Policy headers which prevent the use of modals in the form of an iframe. نوفمبر ٢٠٢٢ - الحالي عام واحد شهر واحد. Currently, TrueLayer can initiate payments from Small Business current accounts, but not Corporate accounts. Value for the scenario you want to test (see below) scope when authenticating the payment, so that you can use the same token with the /signup-plus/payments. See our list of best Open Banking Platforms vendors. 90 days a year as part of our hybrid work policy. 4. 08. Account aggregation is likely to work well combined with Tandem. #1. Last updated 2 months ago. Synapse vs TrueLayer: which is better? Base your decision on 0 verified in-depth peer reviews and ratings, pros & cons, pricing, support and more. TRUELAYER GROUP HOLDINGS LIMITED Company Profile | LONDON, United Kingdom | Competitors, Financials & Contacts - Dun & Bradstreet Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for !company_name! of !company_city_state!. The endpoint we are. 01. Other important factors to consider when researching alternatives to Array include integration. TrueLayer (38) 4. Companies; CEO; Interviews;At TrueLayer, we also aim to be flexible around offering part-time employment for new roles and existing TrueLayeristas where possible. It was founded in 2016 and is based in London, United Kingdom. TrueLayer is a lean-in to the future, a modern solution. (Note: TrueLayer is able to act both as a Technical Service Provider and a Principal Third Party Provider. You control their level of access to your account. Charlie Masters, Product manager. Score 9. The Data API instantly provided us with a seamless and safe way to verify account ownership and transaction history. The company registration number is None, It’s listed as None. ly rates 4. TrueLayer so far this year has doubled its customer base, picking up some key customers like Cazoo to enable open-banking-based payments for cars; and it has processed “billions” of dollars in. It's just as safe as using online banking, and it's safer than paying with a credit or debit card: Nobody gets access to your login details or banking passwords. Cloud computing or mobile unlocked novel applications that beat incumbents and other startup competitors based on a great product experience, we believe the AI revolution will be no different. The best alternatives to TrueLayer are Stripe, Teller, and API Tracker. Partial. Innovators such as Lightyear have recognised that offering instant deposits creates an opportunity to develop a deeper and more positive relationship with their customers. User starts the checkout process. TrueLayer's new brand: introducing the “never before”. TrueLayer, la principale plateforme bancaire ouverte d'Europe, a annoncé aujourd'hui être parvenue à obtenir un financement de série D de 70 millionsIntroduction. His ability to 'connect the dots' across regions, time zones, topics, and cultures is world class. Open Query Tool. Yapily’s Profile, Revenue and Employees. TrueLayer is committed to serving the payments needs of businesses and consumers, and is leading the way in consumer research and user experience (UX) design — our most recent findings are published in our 2023 Payments experience playbook. Designed the architecture for Android apps with MVVM. TrueLayer. 0. Austria. g. 0, while Yapily is rated 0. Analyze a range of top App Development Software that offer similar benefits at competitive prices. truelayer: . TrueLayer Claimed Company. Plaid, Stripe Connect, MX, and TrueLayer are the most popular alternatives and competitors to Flinks for reviewers from smaller sized companies. We believe that, in the future, bank-to-bank transactions could even surpass. Learn more. 77% of TrueLayer reviewers on G2 are from a small business and rate TrueLayer 4. At TrueLayer, we’re building a global open banking platform that’s changing how money moves and so much more. The Data API allows you to access the following data for connected accounts available from a provider: Account: account holder name, account number, IBAN etc. Stuart Irving vs TrueLayer's CEO. TrueLayer stands out from the crowd of Fintech companies that provide similar products and services. 1 M: Your Questions, Our Answers Get Free Access to TrueLayer Contacts Info. . I teamed up with Shefali and we brainstormed ideas. TrueLayer is rated 0. Compare TrueLayer to its competitors by revenue, employee. that complements its Viggle app and also provides white-label services for brands and content providers to engage nationwide audiences during live TV shows, sporting events, and political debat es. TrueLayer, for example, which handles 50% of open banking traffic in the UK, Ireland and Spain, has seen 400% growth in monthly payment volume and 800% growth in monthly payment value over the. It helps startups and banks to drive products in financial services and supports account verification, know-your-customer (KYC) processes, and transactional data for account aggregation, credit scoring, and risk assessment. Responding to this challenge, TrueLayer has released its own thinking on how ‘commercial VRP’ should be designed. Build financial apps that connect to bank data, verify accounts, and. 21 Sep 2021. Set the scene TrueLayer is at the forefront of the open banking payments network, […]TrueLayer has an overall rating of 4. 02. TrueLayer customer references have an aggregate content usefuless score of 4. Following the introduction of PSD2 in Europe, the company’s services have. Wise. Get the full truelayer. TRUELAYER LIMITED Company Profile | LONDON, United Kingdom | Competitors, Financials & Contacts - Dun & Bradstreet. Corporate Innovation Corp Dev. TrueLayer £4. Payments. We have compiled a list of solutions that reviewers voted as the best overall alternatives and competitors to Plaid, including Codat, Stripe Connect, Flinks, and MX. Damon Roberts, Product Manager. TrueLayer References Capped? Access even more references from these marketplace competitors. Users have already started transitioning to the new services, the company announced on Thursday. The company has raised $271. Before joining, Sebastian was at Payoneer where he led the go-to-market activities for SMEs in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, with a. A. It was founded in 2016 and is based in London, United Kingdom. General rules: Code, design, sketch, write or imagine something cool. The funding round is a big plus for the fintech startup, TrueLayer, and at the same time, it acts as a vote of confidence. Learn more about Compensation at TrueLayer on Comparably. Trusted by millions of consumers and businesses around the world, our vision is to. Software · California, United States · <25 Employees. On Friday 12 February 2021, in my new role as TrueLayer ’s Head of Australia, I gave expert evidence to the Australian Senate Select Committee on Financial Technology and Regulatory Technology. Wise, formerly TransferWise, from the company of the same name headquartered in London, provides international accounts and payment solutions for businesses. 8x higher than the previous year – but total sales of £4. The UK’s Competition and Markets Authority has mandated the nine largest banks to provide VRPs , with an implementation deadline of July this year. The best TrueLayer alternatives are: Stripe, Teller, API Tracker, Dwolla, Open Banking API Tracker. Last updated months ago. Competitors. See the full list of Matchi. 0. Bud vs TrueLayer: which is better? Base your decision on 0 verified in-depth peer reviews and ratings, pros & cons, pricing, support and more. GoFundMe. TrueLayer offers data aggregation, user authentication, and funds transfer management. Nordigen. TrueLayer becomes a unicorn! In a recent development, the company announced that it has secured $130M (approx €110. On the other hand, TrueLayer is most compared with tink, Token and Bud, whereas Yapily is most compared with tink and Token. Loyalize. Crezco doesn’t exist in a vacuum. . TrueLayer is an England-based open banking platform that provides services including payment processing and payout management for industries such as E-commerce and. to shop more with Sainsbury’s or Esso and less with their competitors). Developer of an open banking platform designed to connect with banks, neobanks, and digital wallets. Do you need software like TrueLayer that works for a small business? Reviewers often noted that they're looking for Financial Data APIs solutions that are top rated and easy to use. Innovation and competition - By enabling third-party. We have compiled a list of solutions that reviewers voted as the best overall alternatives and competitors to Envestnet Yodlee, including Plaid, Stripe Connect, MX, and Codat. The company intends to use the funds to charge the mainstream adoption of open banking payments through industries like ecommerce and subscriptions. TrueLayer overall culture is rated A+ based on 54 ratings from 6 TrueLayer employees. Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for !company_name! of !company_city_state!. 6sense uses advanced data mining and AI algorithms to track customers and competitors of TrueLayer and 40,000 other technologies on the internet. Companies like TrueLayer. Leave your competition in the dust with Semrush today. An access_token is an encoded piece of text that contains information about the connection of a user and is used to make data requests. followers. McKenzie Carpenter. In 2022, TrueLayer had around 440 employees; however, the firm plans to lay off 10% of its workforce due to challenging market. Wise helps businesses pay international invoices, vendors, and employees with the real exchange rate, in 80 countries, boasting cheaper rates than traditional. TrueLayer stands out from the crowd of Fintech companies that provide similar products and services. Interviewing can be tricky. About the Author. (89) 4. These TrueLayer competitors have raised $403. The Competition and Markets Authority has mandated the UK’s nine largest banks to provide VRPs that support the automatic transfer of money between two accounts belonging to the same person, referred to as ‘sweeping’. Yapily’s primary competitors include TrueLayer, Tink, Plaid and 17 more. Built a new Android app for drivers to receive orders in real-time and make deliveries. Truelayer is a developer API platform that provides open banking services to fintech. Their platform enables businesses to access and use financial data from their customers' bank accounts, allowing them to build innovative financial products and services. It helps startups and banks to drive products in financial services and supports account verification, know-your-customer (KYC) processes, and transactional data for account aggregation, credit scoring, and risk assessment. TrueLayer blog AnnouncementsTrueLayer's new brand: introducing the “never before”. View Company Info for Free 8. Success rates are over 20% higher than credit bureaus, and results are. See the full list of Yapily alternatives and competitive updates on Owler, the world’s largest community-based business insights platform. Enter the id you received from the List merchant accounts request. 14m are modest for a business boasting “annualised total payment volume” of $35bn. Research alternative solutions to Array on G2, with real user reviews on competing tools. tink is rated 0. TrueLayer celebrates $70m Series D but stays mum on valuation. PSD2 is an EU law that has paved the way for open banking. Computershare CEO vs TrueLayer CEO. EMPLOYEE PARTICIPANTS. Business Intelligence (BI) Software · California, United States · 25 Employees. Latest Funding Round Amount (USD) 130,000,000. Empower your team by choosing the best TrueLayer. truelayer. They are excited to make finance more accessible by. Steps. Founded in 2016, TrueLayer is connected to major banks across the world, backed by leading venture capital, and trusted by. 0M and 25M. 03. The U. TrueLayer and NatWest make the first Open Banking VRP transaction. Nonprofit Software. 3 Locations. TrueLayer – CDR Future Directions Inquiry May 2020 1 Inquiry into future directions of the Consumer Data Right TrueLayer response, 20th May 2020. Founded in 2016. 64%, Checkbook. Rent your office space. 8M over 7 rounds. Benchmark website’s performance against your competitors by keeping track of key indicators of onsite behavior. Synapse develops a platform helping banks and developers work together. Competition. If the POST request is successful, it returns: a 201 response that contains a payment id. 1 M: Ebankit. Financial API provider TrueLayer has expanded its senior leadership team, hiring fintech veteran Jamie Morton as its first UK country manager, AltFi can exclusively reveal. Learn about TrueLayer's culture, see what work's like, read reviews, and find job opportunities. Checkout. The median estimated compensation for executives at TrueLayer including base salary and bonus is $252,004, or $121 per hour. Bud Financial is a company that offers a banking app and a website which aggregate financial services. Founded in 2016, TrueLayer Limited is a platform that provides access to financial data and instant payments. Check out the 10-slide pitch deck Kluster used to raise $5 million. Get real-time access to account, balance, transaction, and identity data using open banking AIS. 9M revenue and 366 person team in 2023. Similar companies and competitors in the areas of Fintech, Open Banking, PSD2, Payment Initiation, Banking, Developer APIs, Developer Tools and more. TrueLayer is disrupting the status quo in financial services and through its Open Banking Platform will be the enabler for competition, innovation and benefits for consumers in Australia. Company Employees Revenue Top technologies; GoCardless Ltd. The prevailing opinion from TrueLayer employees is that the company was very prepared on their first day; leaving employees with a positive onboarding experience. Build financial apps that connect to bank data, verify accounts, and. Party hats and airhorns. We make payments and refunds instant, account data accessible and verification seamless — all so innovators in every industry can build better financial experiences for their users. How TrueLayer hit $16. 1 out of 10. Follow. A. Visits. 8 based on 1077 user ratings. Answer a few questions to help the Flinks community. TrueLayer offers an open banking payments network. Bank Flow Screens. 0, while TrueLayer is rated 0. At this stage, your user has told you what bank they want to pay from and you’ve obtained your access token. based on preference data from user reviews. He has previously held strategic product roles at Deloitte Australia,. Businesses big and small use our products to onboard new users, accept money and make payouts in seconds, and at scale. Compare TrueLayer to Competitors S The technology involves developer-facing application programming interfaces (APIs) that allow companies to connect with banks to offer services, and also bank-facing APIs that allow banks to automate and extend back-end operations.